ÿþ<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;" charset="windows-1251"> <title>Humor Theory</title> <link href="../main.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> </head> <body bgcolor = "#ffffff"> <!-- begin navigation --> <center><a href = "../english/index.html">English</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href = "../index.html">Home</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="http://www.a-free-guestbook.com/guestbook.php?username=humortheory" target = "_blank">Guestbook</a></center><br> <!-- end navigation --> <table border = "0" cellpadding = "0" cellspacing = "0"> <tr> <td valign = "top"> <img src = "../images/logo.jpg" border = "0" alt = "Humor Theory"><br> <a href = "humor_theory.html">"5>@8O N<>@0</a><br> <a href = "alcoholisms.html">;:>3>;87<K</a><br> <a href = "eroticisms.html">-@>B8F87<K</a><br> <a href = "parodies.html">8B5@0BC@=K5 ?0@>488</a><br> <a href = "emigrantisms.html">-<83@0=B87<K</a><br><br> </td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td valign = "top"> <!-- begin main text --> <!-- *********************************************************************** --> <p align="center"><font size="5"><b>"5>@8O</b></font><font size="5"></font><font size="5"><b>N<>@0</b></font><font size="3"></font> <br></p> <ul><ul><p align="right">      <font size="3"><b><i>5;0=85</i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i> </i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i>?8A0BL</i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i> </i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i>></i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i> </i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i>A<5H=><</i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i> </i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i>A2845B5;LAB2C5B</i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i> </i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i>></i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i> </i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i>B><</i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i>, </i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i>GB></i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i> </i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i>GC2AB2></i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i> </i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i>N<>@0</i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i> </i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i>C</i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i> </i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i>20A</i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i> </i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i>CB@0G5=></i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i> </i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i>1572>72@0B=></i></b></font><font size="3"><b><i><u>  <br> </u></i>(</b></font><font size="3"><b>5@=0@4</b></font><font size="3"></font><font size="3"><b>(>C</b></font><font size="3"><b>)</b> </font></p></ul></ul> <p align="center"><font size="4"><b>@548A;>285</b></font> <br>  <br> <br></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">A;8 A5@LQ7=K9 G5;>25: ?>A<55B CB25@640BL, GB> A<5E B0: 65 =5>1E>48< 4;O ACI5AB2>20=8O G5;>25G5AB20, :0: 8=AB8=:B A0<>A>E@0=5=8O 8;8 A5:A, >= @8A:C5B >:070BLAO >1J5:B>< =0A<5H5:.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">(CB>G:8, 0=5:4>BK, E>E<>G:8, :0@8:0BC@K ?@8=OB> AG8B0BL G5<-B> 2B>@>AB5?5==K<, =5 >:07K20NI8< ACI5AB25==>3> 2;8O=8O =0 =0HC 687=L 8;8 ?CB8 8AB>@8G5A:>3> @0728B8O. > 5A;8 =5?@5427OBK9 G8B0B5;L ?>425@3=5B MB>B 2>?@>A :@8B8G5A:><C @0AA<>B@5=8N, >= =5A><=5==> >1=0@C68B >H81>G=>ABL MB>3> <=5=8O. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">!:>;L:> 2@5<5=8 G5;>25: <>65B ?@>68BL 157 ?8I8 8;8 ?8BLO? @><56CB:8 <564C ?@8Q<0<8 ?8I8 A>AB02;ONB =5A:>;L:> G0A>2, => <>3CB 1KBL @0ABO=CBK 4> 45AOB:>2 4=59 157 >A>1>3> 2@540 4;O 74>@>2LO. 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'5;>25:, ?> 53> <=5=8N, ?@8 ?><>I8 A<5E0 ?@5>4>;5205B AB@0E ?5@54 >BF><, <0B5@LN, 2;0ABO<8, A5:AC0;L=>ABLN, 03@5AA859 8 B0: 40;55. !<5E, B0:8< >1@07><, ?@8@02=8205BAO ?> A2>5<C A>F80;L=><C 7=0G5=8N : 8A:CAAB2C, =52@>70<, 0;:>3>;87<C. <b>.@8A</b> ( <i> 0728B85 -3> 8 :><87<</i> ) ?>;030; :><87< =5 ?@>AB> A@54AB2>< >A2>1>645=8O M=5@388, => B0:65 2>72@0I5=85< : 45BA:><C >?KBC. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"><b>.5209=5</b> 0 70B5< 8 <b> .>A5@</b> @0A?@>AB@0=8;8 MB>B B578A =0 A>F80;L=>5 ?>2545=85 2 F5;><, CB25@640O, GB> N<>@ 8 A<5E <b>2A5340</b> A>45@60B =5:CN 03@5AA82=>ABL, =57028A8<> >B B>3>, =0?@02;5=K ;8 >=8 =0 >?@545;5==K9 >1J5:B 8;8 =5B.  ?@>B82>25A 8< <b>.AB<5=,</b> <i> ( AB@>B0 8 15AA<KA;8F0: >H81:0 $@5940 </i>), ?>;030;, GB> ACI5AB2C5B B0:>9  @0745; N<>@0, :0: 15AA<KA;5==K5 HCB:8. 0 8 =0@>4=K9 N<>@, ?> 53> <=5=8N, =5 A>2A5< 2?8AK205BAO 2 03@5AA82=K9 ?>4B5:AB. "0: =07K205<K9 45BA:89 0=5:4>B, ?> AB<5=C, 2>>1I5 >B25@305B B578A >1 03@5AA82=>AB8 N<>@0. = ?>;030;, GB> N<>@, ?><8<> A5:AC0;L=>9 8 03@5AA82=KE ?@8G8=, <>65B O2;OBLAO ?@>ABK< 65;0=85< G5;>25:0 C9B8 >B =5?@8OB=>9 5<C @50;L=>AB8</font><a href="http://www.philosophy.ru/iphras/library/wlaugh.html/o#_ftn12%23_ftn12" target="_blank"></a><font size="3">.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"><b>Ludovici </b> 2A;54 70 ;0B>=>< =0HQ; =5GB>  7;>25I55 2 ?@8@>45 N<>@0. <i>  > 2AQ< >2>< 025B5,</i> - ?8A0; >=, <i> - =5B =8 548=>9 HCB:8,.. A<5E 2 81;88 ?>GB8 2A5340 2K@0605B ?@57@5=85, => =5 25A5;L5 </i> (70 548=8G=K<8 8A:;NG5=8O<8 2 =835 A0;<>2 8 >20).</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">081>;55 ?>A;54>20B5;L=K< ?@825@65=F5< 8458 <b> 03@5AA82=>9 ?@8@>4K N<>@0</b> 1K; <b>Albert</b> <b> Rapp</b> <i>( The origin of Wit and Humor , New York: Dutton, 1951).</i></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"><b>=@8 5@3A>=</b> (1859-1941) 2 B@0:B0B5  <i>!<5E. -AA5 > ACI=>AB8 :><8G5A:>3></i> 2=QA ACI5AB25==K9 2:;04 2 @0AA<>B@5=85 A>F80;L=>9 ACI=>AB8 A<5H=>3>.  >B;8G85 >B ;0B>=0 5@3A>= >?@545;O5B 3;02=CN DC=:F8N A<5E0 :0: 8A?@02;5=85 >1I5AB20. > 5@3A>=C A<5E B5@O5B A2>Q 7=0G5=85 2=5 A>F80;L=>9 3@C??K. -B>B 273;O4 ?>445@68205BAO ?>GB8 2A5<8 A>2@5<5==K<8 8AA;54>20B5;O<8. 5@3A>= 4>102;O5B, GB> A<5H=>5 A2O70=> ;81> A G5;>25G5A:8<, ;81> A G5<-B>, >B=>AOI8<AO 8;8 <>3CI8< 1KBL >B=5AQ==K< : G5;>25:C.  <i>59706</i>, - ?8H5B 5@3A>=, ?>2B>@OO 2KA:070==CN @0=55 <KA;L ..'5@=KH52A:>3>, - <i><>65B 1KBL :@0A82, ?@82;5:0B5;5=, 25;8:>;5?5=, =527@0G5= 8;8 >B2@0B8B5;5=; => >= =8:>340 =5 1C45B A<5H=K<</i> . 5@3A>= CB25@6405B, GB>  <i>A<5H=> =5 1K205B >48=>:><C</i> . </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">5@3A>= >BB0;:820;AO >B >?@545;5=8O<b> "5>D8;O >BL5, </b>:>B>@K9 =0720; :><87< ;>38:>9 =5;5?>AB8. = ?@8HQ; : 2K2>4C, GB>  <i><=>385 B5>@88 A<5E0 AE>4OBAO =0 ?>4>1=>9 65 <KA;8. AO:89 :><8G5A:89 MDD5:B 4>;65= 70:;NG0BL 2 A515 ?@>B82>@5G85 2 :0:>< =81C4L >B=>H5=88. 0A 70AB02;O5B A<5OBLAO =5;5?>ABL, 2>?;>IQ==0O 2 :>=:@5B=CN D>@<C,  2848<0O =5;5?>ABL , 8;8 :06CI0OAO =5;5?>ABL, A=0G0;0 4>?CI5==0O, => B>BG0A 65 ?>B>< 8A?@02;5==0O, 8;8, =0:>=5F, B>, GB> =5;5?> A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, => 5AB5AB25==> >1JOA=8<>  A 4@C3>9, 8 B.4. </i></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">5@3A>=<i> </i> AG8B0;, GB> =5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB>  <i>2A5 MB8 B5>@88 70:;NG0NB, =5A><=5==>, 8725AB=CN 4>;N 8AB8=K; =>, ?@5645 2A53>, >=8 ?@8<5=8<K B>;L:> : =5:>B>@K<, 4>2>;L=> 3@C1K< :><8G5A:8< MDD5:B0<, 8 4065 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 >=8 ?@8<5=8<K, >=8 ... C?CA:0NB 87 284C A0<K9 E0@0:B5@=K9 M;5<5=B A<5H=>3>, 8<5==> A>25@H5==> >A>1K9 @>4 =5;5?>AB8, :>B>@K9 :><8G5A:>5 A>45@68B, :>340 >=> 2>>1I5 A>45@68B 2 A515 =5;5?>ABL. >AB0B>G=> 27OBL >4=> 87 MB8E >?@545;5=89 8 A>AB028BL :><8G5A:85 MDD5:BK ?> 53> D>@<C;5: G0I5 2A53> :><8G5A:89 MDD5:B =5 1C45B 70:;NG0BL 2 A515 =8G53> A<5H=>3>. 5;5?>ABL, 2AB@5G05<0O 8=>340 2 :><8G5A:><, =5 5ABL ;N10O =5;5?>ABL. -B> =5;5?>ABL 2?>;=5 >?@545;Q==0O. =0 =5 A>740QB :><8G5A:>5, >=0, A:>@55, ?@>8AE>48B >B =53>. =0 5ABL =5 ?@8G8=0, 0 A;54AB285  A;54AB285 A>25@H5==> A?5F80;L=>5, 2 :>B>@>< >B@0605BAO A?5F80;L=0O ?@8@>40 2K7202H59 53> ?@8G8=K. K 7=05< MBC ?@8G8=C. 0< =5 1C45B, A;54>20B5;L=>, B@C4=> B5?5@L ?>=OBL 8 A;54AB285 </i></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">>, =5A<>B@O =0 >BACBAB285 B@C4=>AB59, 459AB28B5;L=>9 ?@8G8=K =8 5@3A>=, =8 ?>A;54CNI85 8AA;54>20B5;8 B0: 8 =5 =0720;8. =8 ?@81;878;8 =0A : @07@5H5=8N 70304:8, => =5 =0H;8 53>. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"><b>Robert R. Provine</b>, 02B>@ :=838  <i>Laughter. A scientific investigation. (2001</i>) ?@>2Q; M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>5 8AA;54>20=85 ?>;>65=89 5@3A>=0 > A>F80;L=>9 ?@8@>45 N<>@0. = ?@54;>68; 72-< ABC45=B0< 25AB8 4=52=8: A<5E0, B> 5ABL, D8:A8@>20BL A;CG08, :>340 >=8 A<5NBAO, 8 >B<5G0BL, A<5O;8AL ;8 ?>4>?KB=K5 2 :><?0=88 8;8 ?@51K20O 2 >48=>G5AB25. :070;>AL, GB> ABC45=BK A<5O;8AL G0I5, :>340 >=8 =0E>48;AL 2 >1I5AB25. 0<=>3> G0I5, ?@8<5@=> 2 30 @07. Provine, 2A;54 70 5@3A>=><, ?@8E>48B : 2K2>4C, GB> A<5E 2 >48=>G5AB25, 157 0C48B>@88, ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 ACI5AB2C5B.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">5=35@A:89 <KA;8B5;L <b>@BC@ 5AB;5@</b> 2  <i>:B5 B2>@5=8O</i> 8 <b>6>= >@@50;</b> >A?0@820;8 273;O4K 5@3A>=0 > A>F80;L=>9 @>;8 A<5H=>3>:  <i>5A;8 O >1=0@C68; :535;L=K9 H0@ 2 E>;>48;L=8:5, MB0 =5;5?0O A8BC0F8O <>65B ?>:070BLAO <=5 A<5H=>9, E>BO O 8 =5 @0AA<0B@820N MB>B H0@ :0: ;8G=>ABL</i> . 5AB;5@ ?>;0305B, GB> A<5E  45OB5;L=>ABL 157 :0:>9 ;81> ?>;57=>9 F5;8, A>25@H5==> =5 A2O70==0O A 1>@L1>9 70 2K6820=85. !<5E - MB> C=8:0;L=K9 (@>A:>H=K9!) @5D;5:A, =5 8<5NI89 >?@545;5==>9 18>;>38G5A:>9 F5;8. -B>B @5D;5:A 83@05B 1>;LHCN @>;L 2 =0H5< C<AB25==>< 8 D878G5A:>< 74>@>2L5. >;55 B>3>, A<5E ?@8=8<05B CG0AB85 2 =0H59 1>@L15 70 2K6820=85 8 2 1>@L15 A =0H8<8 =5273>40<8. !<5E, ?> 5AB;5@C, A>78405B, >A2>1>6405B, >1=>2;O5B. = 87102;O5B =0A >B AB@0E0, A:>2K20NI53> =0HC A2>1>4C.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">5 >1>HQ; A2>8< 2=8<0=85 ?@>1;5<C A<5H=>3> 8 02B>@ >4=>9 87 A0<KE ?@>B82>@5G82KE B5>@89 ?>70?@>H;>3> 25:0 - <b>'0@;L7 0@28=</b>.  :=835 &quot;<i> 2K@065=88 M<>F89 C 682>B=KE 8 G5;>25:0</i>&quot; >= 2KA:070; A2>8 A>>1@065=8O > @>;8 8 7=0G5=88 A<5E0 :0: @50:F88 ?@8A?>A>1;5=8O >@30=87<0 : >:@C60NI59 A@545 8 M2>;NF88 A<5E0. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size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font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"> >;L <8<8G5A:>9 :><?>=5=BK 2 A<5E5, 2 G0AB=>AB8, @0ABO3820=85 3C1 2 AB>@>=K, A>AB>8B 2 C25;8G5=88 @57>=8@CNI59 ?>;>AB8 @B0, 8 MB> >15A?5G8205B 4>AB0B>G=CN A8;C 72C:>2>3> A83=0;0. !CI5AB2C5B F5;K9 @O4 3@040F89 A<5E0 - >B GCBL 70<5B=>9 C;K1:8 4> 3><5@8G5A:>3> E>E>B0. #;K1:0 - MB> ?5@20O ABC?5=L A<5E0. 0@28= >1JOA=O5B 5Q B0:: GB>1K 8740BL 72C: C4>2>;LAB28O, =5>1E>48<> @0ABO=CBL C3;K @B0. > 5A;8 C4>2>;LAB285 =54>AB0B>G=> A8;L=>5, B> >ACI5AB2;O5BAO B>;L:> ?5@20O G0ABL @50:F88 - @0ABO3820=85 C3;>2 @B0, 0 4> 72C:>2 45;> =5 4>E>48B. "0: C;K1:0 ?@52@0I05BAO 2 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>5 2K@065=85 C4>2>;LAB28O - C 2A5E =0@>4>2 2> 2AQ< <8@5. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"><b>6>= >::</b> 2 B@0:B0B5 &quot;<i>?KB > G5;>25G5A:>< @07C<5</i>&quot; A45;0; ?>?KB:C ?@>25AB8 @07;8G85 <564C >AB@>C<=K< 2KA:07K20=85< 8 ?@>AB> AC645=85<.  <br> AB@>C<85, ?> >::C, ;568B ?@5645 2A53> 2 A1;865=88 8459 8 2 8E >1J548=5=88, 1KAB@>< 8 @07=>>1@07=><, :>B>@>5 405B >ICI5=85 C4>2>;LAB28O.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"><b>6. -448A>=</b>, CB>G=OO 273;O4K >::0, >B<5B8;, GB> =5 2AO:>5 >1J548=5=85 8459 >AB@>C<=>, 0 ;8HL =5>6840==>5. @><5 B>3>, 2 >A=>25 >AB@>BK <>65B ;560BL =5 B>;L:> AE>4AB2> 8459, => 8 8E ?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">!2>8 <KA;8 >1 >AB@>C<88 2KA:070; 8 <b>5>@3 8;L35;L< $@84@8E</b></font><font size="2" face="Arial"> </font><font size="3"><b>535;L </b></font><font size="2" face="Arial">(1770 - 1831)</font><font size="3"> 2 &quot;<i>0C:5 ;>38:8</i>&quot;. 535;L ?>4>HQ; : 0=0;87C >AB@>C<8O :0: D>@<K <KH;5=8O. AB@>C<85 AE20BK205B ?@>B82>@5G85, 2KA:07K205B 53>, ?@82>48B 25I8 2 >B=>H5=8O 4@C3 : 4@C3C, 70AB02;O5B &quot;<i>?>=OB85 A25B8BLAO G5@57 ?@>B82>@5G85</i>&quot;, => =5 2K@0605B ?>=OB8O 25I59 8 8E >B=>H5=89. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">"0:8< >1@07><, &quot;<i>A25BOI55AO ?@>B82>@5G85</i>&quot; <564C ACI=>ABLN 8 O2;5=85< 5ABL B> >1I55, GB> ?@8ACI5 2A5<C >AB@>C<=><C. > 5420 ;8 <>6=> AG8B0BL, GB> MB>9 D>@<C;>9 535;L 8AG5@?0; ?@8@>4C >AB@>C<=>3>. !;>20 &quot;<i>A25BOI55AO ?@>B82>@5G85</i>&quot; A0<8 =C640NBAO 2 @0AH8D@>2:5. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"><b>8E08; 0EB8=</b> ?@54;>68; A2>N 8=B5@?@5B0F8N A<5E0 8 =0@>4=>9 :C;LBC@K. 3> @01>B0  <i>$@0=AC0 01;5 8 =0@>4=0O :C;LBC@0 A@54=525:>2LO 8 5=5AA0=A0</i> ?@54?>;0305B ACI5AB25==CN @5:>=AB@C:F8N =0H53> EC4>65AB25==>3> 8 845>;>38G5A:>3> A>7=0=8O. # 0EB8=0 <K =0E>48< :C;LBC@=>5 >1JOA=5=85 <0;>87CG5==>9 B@048F88 =0@>4=>3> N<>@0 8 D>@< A<5E0 2 @07;8G=KE AD5@0E G5;>25G5A:>3> B2>@G5AB20.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">>:0 538?BO=5 AB@>8;8 ?8@0<84K, 0 3@5:8 A>74020;8 B50B@, =0@>4=0O :C;LBC@0 ?@84C<0;0 :0@=020;. 0@=020; 8 ?@074=8G=K9 A<5E 83@0NB 206=59HCN @>;L 2 8AB>@88 :><8G5A:>3>. D8F80;L=0O A@54=525:>20O :C;LBC@0 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO 8A:;NG8B5;L=> A5@LQ7=K<8 B>=0<8. !5@LQ7=>ABL AG8B0;0AL 548=AB25==K< A?>A>1>< 2K@065=8O ?@024K 8 2>>1I5 2A53> 206=>3> 8 F5==>3>. 4=0:> A<5E, ?> 0EB8=C, AB>;L 65 C=825@A0;5=, :0: 8 A5@LQ7=>ABL. = =5AQB 2 A515 8AB>@8N >1I5AB20 8 :>=F5?F8N <8@0.</font></p> <p><font size="3"> M?>EC 5=5AA0=A0 A<5E AB0; 2K@065=85< =>2>3>, A2>1>4=>3>, :@8B8G5A:>3> 8 8AB>@8G5A:>3> >1;8:0 M?>E8. !<5E 2A5340 ?@>B82>AB>O; AB@0EC. 5=5AA0=A AD>@<8@>20; =>2CN =@02AB25==>ABL. #65 2 A@54=525:>2>< :><87<5 1K;> ?@54GC2AB285: 3@O4QB ?>1540 =04 AB@0E><. '5@57 A<5E G5;>25: ?@5>4>;520; AB@0E. 4=0:> 2 A@54=85 25:0 ?@5>4>;520;AO B>;L:> 2=5H=89 AB@0E. 5=5AA0=A, ?>;030; 0EB8=, ?@5>4>;5; 8 2=CB@5==89. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"> CAA:>O7KG=><C G8B0B5;N E>@>H> 7=0:><0 :=830 <b>;5:A0=4@0 0C<>28G0 C:0</b> <i>  GC2AB25 N<>@0 8 >AB@>C<88, 1977 </i>. > 8<5NI8AO A2545=8O<, MB0 :=830 1K;0 :@0B:8< 87;>65=85< 53> 4>:B>@A:>9 48AA5@B0F88. 0 ?@>BO65=88 <=>38E ;5B ?@0:B8G5A:8 =8 >4=0 @01>B0 >B5G5AB25==>3> 8AA;54>20B5;O, 70=8<02H53>AO 2>?@>A0<8 A<5H=>3>, =5 >1E>48;0AL 157 C?><8=0=8O > 53> >1AB>OB5;L=>9 @01>B5. C: 1K; ?5@2K< 02B>@>< A>25BA:>3> ?5@8>40, ?@>45;02H8< @01>BC ?> A8AB5<0B870F88 B5>@89 A<5H=>3> 8 2KA:0702H8< @O4 A0<>AB>OB5;L=KE 3;C1>:8E AC645=89. <C ?@8=04;568B 8 >@838=0;L=0O :;0A8D8:0F8O ?@8Q<>2, 2K7K20NI8E A<5E.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">725AB=K @01>BK <b>.<8B@8520 </b> <i>(!>F8>;>38O N<>@0. G5@:8, 1996),</i><b> A.@E8?>2>9 </b>(<i>=5:4>B 8 53> ?@>B>B8?: 35=578A B5:AB0 8 D>@<8@>20=85 60=@0, 2003),</i> <b>. 8 . (<5;52KE </b> <i>($>=>2K5 7=0=8O 2 @CAA:>< 0=5:4>B5),</i> =0E>4OI55AO 2 A5B8 8AA;54>20=85 <b>. >9=0@>2A:>3>.</b> </font></p> <p><font size="3">8B5@0BC@=>-MAB5B8G5A:8<8 ?@>1;5<0<8 :><8G5A:>3> 70=8<0;8AL <b> ..>@52</b> ( :><8G5A:><, &quot; &quot;A:CAAB2>&quot;, 1957)<b>, . 8:>;052 <i>(</i></b><i>!<5E - >@C685 A0B8@K, &quot; &quot;A:CAAB2>&quot;, 1962)</i><b><i>,</i> . $@>;>2 </b><i>( A>25BA:>9 :><5488, &quot; &quot;A:CAAB2>&quot;, 1954)</i><b><i>,</i> . 8=G8= </b><i>(5O:i ?8B0=8O B5>@8ii :><iG=>3>, 852, 1959)</i><b><i>,</i> /.-;LA15@3</b> (>?@>AK B5>@88 A0B8@K, &quot; 1957), <b>..0@0A8: </b> <i>(=5:4>B :0: ?@54<5B ;8=328AB8G5A:>3> 87CG5=8O)</i><b>.</b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">N18B5;O< <5B:>3> @CAA:>3> A;>20 <>65B 1KBL @5:><5=4>2=> >1JQ<8AB>5 8AA;54>20=85 <b>;048<8@0 !0==8:>20</b> <i> CAA:0O O7K:>20O HCB:0. B CH:8=0 4> =0H8E 4=59 , >A:20, 2003.</i> A>1>5 <5AB> 2 =59 C45;5=> 8AA;54>20=8N :0;0<1C@0.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"> 01>BK <b> .0@0AQ20</b> ?>O28;8AL 2 :>=F5 80 E - =0G0;5 90 E 33. ?@>H;>3> AB>;5B8O 2 @O45 @>AA89A:8E, D@0=FC7A:8E 8 ?>;LA:8E 8740=89.  =8E ?@54;030;0AL =>20O :>=F5?F8O N<>@0 8 A<5E0. A=>2=>9 5Q A<KA; A>AB>8B 2> 273;O45 =0 A<5E :0: =0 F5;>AB=K9 :C;LBC@=> 8AB>@8G5A:89 8 >=B>;>38G5A:89 D5=><5=, @0A:@K20NI89 A2>9 A<KA; ?@8 A>?>AB02;5=88 53> A >:@C60NI8<8 53> A8<2>;0<8. . <8B@852 AG8B0;, GB> :>=F5?F8N .0@0AQ20 <>6=> =0720BL  A<KA;>2>9 , B0: :0: 2 >A=>25 2A5E ?>AB@>5=89 02B>@0 ;568B 38?>B570 > A<5E5 :0: > A8<2>;8G5A:>< F5;><, @072820NI5<AO ?> A2>8< 2=CB@5==8< 70:>=0<. 2B>@ >B=>A8B 2>?@>A > 2>7=8:=>25=88 GC2AB20 A<5H=>3> : >1;0AB8, 2KE>4OI59 70 3@0=8FK B>3>, GB> <>6=> =0720BL A>1AB25==>  =0CG=K< 7=0=85< . K =8G53> =5 <>65< A:070BL > ?@>8AE>645=88 A<5E0, ?>4>1=> B><C, :0: =0< =8G53> 4>AB>25@=> 8 B>G=> =58725AB=> > ?@>8AE>645=88 2A5E >AB0;L=KE :><?>=5=B>2, A>AB02;ONI8E :28=BMAA5=F8N G5;>25G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 GC2AB25==>AB8 - O7K:0, <KH;5=8O, @8BC0;0, <8D0 8 B.4. <5==> ?>MB><C ?@>1;5<0 ?@>8AE>645=8O A<5E0 =5 <>65B @0AA<0B@820BLAO >B45;L=>, 87>;8@>20==>. 0 8 A0< A<5E 2>7=8:05B >4=>2@5<5==> A O7K:>< 8 <KH;5=85<. 'B> 65 :0A05BAO 48=0<8:8 MB>3> ?@>F5AA0, B> .0@0A52 ?@845@68205BAO B>G:8 7@5=8O, A>3;0A=> :>B>@>9 A<5E ?>O2;O5BAO  A@07C ,  <3=>25==> 2<5AB5 A> 2A5<8 >AB0;L=K<8 206=59H8<8 M;5<5=B0<8 G5;>25G5A:>9 :C;LBC@K (AE>4=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O, =0?@8<5@, =0 ?@>8AE>645=85 O7K:0 ?@845@6820NBAO <=>385 ;8=328ABK). !<5E 2>7=8:05B :0: 548=>5 F5;>5, :0: A;>682H55AO :0G5AB2> 8 C6 70B5< - :0: F5;>5 - =0G8=05B @072820BLAO, >1>30I0BLAO 8 B.4. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">!>3;0A=> 0@0AQ2C, 2A5 2848<>5 <=>3>>1@0785 @07;8G=KE ?@>O2;5=89 N<>@0 8 A<5E0 ?@8=F8?80;L=> A2>48<> : 42C< >A=>2=K< B8?0<. <u>5@2K9</u> B8? A<5E0 A2O70= A A8BC0F8O<8, :>340 G5;>25: 2K@0605B A2>N @04>ABL, B5;5A=>5 ;8:>20=85,  B5;5A=K9 8;8  28B0;L=K9 M=BC7807<. -B>B B8? 0@0AQ2 =07K205B  A<5E>< B5;0 8 >B=>A8B : @07@O4C A>AB>O=89, :>B>@K5 E0@0:B5@=K =5 B>;L:> 4;O G5;>25:0: =5GB> ?>E>655 <>6=> C2845BL 8 C 682>B=KE, :>B>@K< B0:65 7=0:><K @04>ABL 83@K 8 D878G5A:>5 C4>2>;LAB285. <u>B>@>9</u> B8? A2O70= A A>1AB25==> :><8G5A:>9 >F5=:>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. -B>B 284 A<5E0 <>65B 2:;NG0BL 2 A51O 8 M;5<5=BK B>;L:> GB> =0720==>3> B8?0, >4=0:> 53> ACI=>ABL 2 B><, GB> >= ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 A>548=5=85 M<>F88 8 @5D;5:A88. -B>B B8? ?>;CG8; C =53> =08<5=>20=85  A<5E0 C<0 . </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">A;8 <u> ?5@2K9</u> B8? -  A<5E B5;0 - ?> ?@58<CI5AB2C >B=>A8BAO :  =87C G5;>25G5A:>9 GC2AB25==>AB8, B> <u>2B>@>9</u> -  A<5E C<0 - : 5Q  25@EC . -B> >1;0ABL @5D;5:A88, ?0@04>:A0;L=>9 >F5=:8, AD5@0 ?@>O2;5=8O >AB@>C<8O. <i>  #?@>I0O 45;>,</i> - 70<5G05B .0@0A52, <i> - <>6=> A:070BL, GB> A<5E0 420, 0 ?;0G >48= .</i> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"> !<5E C<0 - MB> B>B A0<K9 A<5E, :>B>@K9 8<5; 2 284C @8AB>B5;L, :>340 ?8A0; > A?>A>1=>AB8 A<5OBLAO :0: > A?5F8D8G5A:>9 G5@B5 G5;>25:0, >B;8G0NI59 53> >B 682>B=>3>.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">>60;C9, MB8<8 @01>B0<8 @CAA:>O7KG=0O, @02=>, :0: 8 ?5@5254Q==0O =0 @CAA:89 O7K: G0ABL 8AA;54>20=89, >3@0=8G8205BAO.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">=3;>O7KG=0O ;8B5@0BC@0 =5A@02=5==> 1>;55 <=>3>G8A;5==0 8 02B>@ 4>;65= ?@87=0BLAO, GB> AC<5; >7=0:><8BLAO A> 7=0G8B5;L=>9, 5A;8 =5 A 1>;LH59 G0ABLN MB>9 A>:@>28I=8FK <KA;8 ?> >17>@=K< @01>B0< 4@C38E 02B>@>2.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">!<5E ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 3>@074> 1>;55 4>ABC?=K9 ?@54<5B 4;O 87CG5=8O, G5< ?@54<5BK, 87CG05<K5 4@C38<8, 2 G0AB=>AB8, 5AB5AB25==K<8 =0C:0<8. = 2A5340 A =0<8, 2A5340 4>ABC?5= 8 =5 AB>8B =8 :>?59:8. "5< =5 <5=55, ?@0:B8G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O A<5H=>3> =0G0;8AL GCBL 1>;55 100 ;5B =0704. AA;54>20=8O<8 2>?@>A0 =0G0;8 70=8<0BLAO =5 B>;L:> D8;>A>DK, => 8 A>F8>;>38, ?A8E>;>38, ;8=328ABK 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K5 :><5480=BK: ?8A0B5;8, 0@B8ABK, 6C@=0;8ABK.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"><b>. !B5=;8 %>;;</b>, >A=>20B5;L 0<5@8:0=A:>9 ?A8E>;>388, ?@8=8<0; CG0AB85 2 A>AB02;5=88 2>?@>A=8:0 4;O 8AA;54>20=8O I5:>B:8 2 1897 3>4C. G5284=>, >= ?>;L7>20;AO 8725AB=K< >?@545;5=85< <i> I5:>B:8 :0: A?>A>10 4>1KG8 A<5E0 2@CG=CN</i>. 5A2O70==K5 <564C A>1>9 8AA;54>20=8O 2:;NG0NB: 8=B@>A?5:B82=K9 0=0;87 <b>0@B8=0</b> (1905), ?0<OB8 =0 A<5H=K5 A8BC0F88 (<b>%59<,</b> 1936), AB8<C;K, 2K7K20NI85 A<5E (<b>0<1>@>?C;C</b>, 1930), 45BA:89 A<5E (<b>5=45@;8=</b>, 1931, <b> 8=3</b> 8 <b>65@A8;4</b>, 1932 8 8AA;54>20=8O @0728B8O A<5H=>3> (<b>MH15@=</b>, 1924, <b>8;A>=</b>, 1931). </font> <br></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">=B5=A82=>ABL 8AA;54>20=89 2>7@>A;0 2 70-E 8 80-E 3>40E ?@>H;>3> AB>;5B8O, :>340 1K;8 >@30=87>20=K <564C=0@>4=K5 :>=D5@5=F88 ?> N<>@C, ?5@20O 87 :>B>@KE 1K;0 ?@>2545=0 2 Cardiff, Wales, 1976, 8 >?C1;8:>20=K :=838, ?>42>4OI85 8B>38 ?@54K4CI8< 8AA;54>20=8O<.  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 8740QBAO @O4 ?5@8>48G5A:8E 8740=89, 2 B>< G8A;5 564C=0@>4=K9 C@=0; .<>@0.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"><b>8:B>@ 0A:8=</b>, @01>B0NI89 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 2 Purdue University, ?@54;>68; B0: =07K205<CN A5<0=B8G5A:CN B5>@8N N<>@0 (Victor Raskin, <i> Semantic Mechanisms of Humor.</i> <i>- Dordrecht: Reidel, 1985</i>), @0728BCN 2<5AB5 A =8< <b> !0;L20B>@5 BB0@4> </b> (</font><font size="3" face="Times"><i>Linguistic Theories of Humor</i>. 1994)</font><font size="3">. =838 MB8E 02B>@>2 8740=K >3@0=8G5==K< B8@06>< 8 2 A5B8 =54>ABC?=K. 0< C40;>AL >7=0:><8BLAO A MB8<8 @01>B0<8 1;03>40@O ;N157=>AB8 02B>@>2.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"><i> &5;LN A5<0=B8G5A:>9 B5>@88 N<>@0,</i> :0: AD>@<C;8@>20; 5Q 02B>@, <i>O2;O;>AL >?@545;5=85 CA;>289, :>B>@K5 O2;ONBAO 4>AB0B>G=K<8 8 =5>1E>48<K<8, GB>1K B5:AB 1K; A<5H=K< .</i></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">!>3;0A=> 845O< MB8E 02B>@>2 (2?5@2K5 87;>65==K< 5I5 @BC@>< 5AB;5@>< 2  <i>Act of Creation</i> ), N<>@8AB8G5A:89 MDD5:B 2>7=8:05B ?@8 2=570?=>< ?5@5A5G5=88 42CE =57028A8<KE :>=B5:AB>2 2 B>G:5 18A>F80F88:  <i>8A>F80F8O  A8BC0F8O ?5@5A5G5=8O 2 A>7=0=88 2>A?@8=8<0NI53> 42CE =57028A8<KE, => ;>38G5A:8 >?@0240==KE 0AA>F80B82=KE :>=B5:AB>2 .</i> 0< A<5H=>, :>340 420 :>=B5:AB0, A>25@H5==> 4@C3 4@C3C GC64K5, 1;03>40@O 18A>F80F88 =0G8=0NB :070BLAO =0< 0AA>F88@>20==K<8 - B0: 2>7=8:05B :>3=8B82=K9 48AA>=0=A, :>B>@K9 :><?5=A8@C5BAO @50:F859 A<5E0. 0: @0A?>7=0QBAO :><8G5A:89 MDD5:B? !>3;0A=> :>3=8B82=K< B5>@8O<, =0H0 ?0<OBL E@0=8B A2545=8O 2 2845 AB@C:BC@, :>B>@K9 <b>8=A:89</b> =0720; D@59<0<8, 0 </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"> 0A:8= 8 BB0@4>  A:@8?B0<8. $@59< 8;8 A:@8?B  MB> AB@C:BC@8@>20==>5 >?8A0=85 B8?8G=KE ?@87=0:>2 >1J5:B0. 0A:8= ?>;0305B, GB> 2 >A=>25 N<>@8AB8G5A:>3> MDD5:B0 ;568B AB>;:=>25=85 :>=B5:AB>2, 0 =5 ?@>AB>3> O7K:>2>3> A<KA;0. !>3;0A=> MB>9 B5>@88 N<>@8AB8G5A:89 MDD5:B 2>7=8:05B, 5A;8 8<5NB <5AB> A;54CNI85 CA;>28O: 0) B5:AB >1;0405B A>2<5AB8<>ABLN, G0AB8G=>9 8;8 ?>;=>9; 2) 425 G0AB8 B5:AB0 ?@>B82>?>;>6=K 2 >?@545;Q==>< A<KA;5. 0A:8= ?>;030;, GB> </font><font size="3" face="Times"><i>&quot;Any humorous text will contain an element of incongruity and an element of resolution&quot;.</i> B;8G85 B5>@88 0A:8=0 >B ?@54H5AB2CNI8E 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> >= ?@840; ?>=OB8N ?@>B82>?>;>6=>AB8 C=825@A0;L=K9 A5<0=B8G5A:89 A<KA;. >74=55 BB0@4> 48A:CB8@>20; A 0A:8=K< 8 ?@8HQ; : 2K2>4C > B><, GB> 53> B5>@8O ?>4?0405B ?>4 :0B53>@8N B5>@89 =5A>2<5AB8<>AB8 (A<. =865). 57C;LB0B>< MB>9 48A:CAA88 O28;0AL 8E A>2<5AB=0O @01>B0 <i> General Theory of Verbal Humor (1991).</i></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">=830 !0;L20B>@5 BB0@4> 8 3>B>2OI0OAO : 2KE>4C 53> AB0BLO (<i> The linguistics of Humor ,</i> <i>2004)</i> O2;ONBAO 4>AB0B>G=> ?>;=K< 8AA;54>20=85< @07;8G=KE B5>@89 N<>@0 A> 2@5<Q= 4@52=53@5G5A:8E D8;>A>D>2 4> =0H8E 4=59. 17>@ 2:;NG05B ?C1;8:0F88 =5 B>;L:> 0=3;>O7KG=KE, => 8 <=>38E 4@C38E 8AB>G=8:>2. =830 8 AB0BLO !0;L20B>@5 BB0@4> A>45@60B :>;>AA0;L=>5 :>;8G5AB2> <0B5@80;0 8 4>AB0B>G=> ?>;=> >B@060NB 4>AB865=8O Ao2@5<5==>9 =0C:8 2 MB>< =0?@02;5=88. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">">, GB> =5 A>45@68BAO 2 @01>B0E BB0@4>, <>65B 1KBL =0945=> 2 @01>B5<b> Thomas C. Veatch</b> <i> A Theory of Humor, Humor, the International Journal of Humor Research, May, 1998 ,</i> :>B>@0O 8<55BAO 2 A5B52>< 20@80=B5. =0 B0:65 A>45@68B >3@><=>5 :>;8G5AB2> <0B5@80;0, 2 B>< G8A;5 ?>;=K9 >17>@ 2A53>, GB> 1K;> >?C1;8:>20=> :>340-;81> =0 0=3;89A:>< O7K:5.  MB><C 8AB>G=8:C <K A C4>2>;LAB285< =0?@02;O5< ;N1>7=0B5;L=>3> G8B0B5;O: </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">(</font><font color="#FF0000" size="4" face="Times"><a href="http://facstaff.uww.edu/shiblesw/humorbook/h8%20theory.html" target="_blank">http://facstaff.uww.edu<WBR>/shiblesw/humorbook/h8%20theory<WBR>.html</a></font><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">). </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"> :0G5AB25 4>?>;=8B5;L=KE 181;8>3@0D8G5A:8E 8AB>G=8:>2 C:065< =0 @01>BK <b>Ceccarelli </b> (1998) 8 ?><5IQ==K9 8< 2 A5B8 @5AC@A:</font></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/WWW/MathNat/Ruch/research%26people.html" target="_blank"><font color="#2F4F4F" size="3" face="Times"><u>http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de<WBR>/WWW/MathNat/Ruch/research<WBR>%26people.html</u></font></a><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">>;8G5AB2> B5>@89 N<>@0 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O =0AB>;L:> 25;8:>, GB> 4065 2 :;0AA8D8:0F88 MB8E B5>@89 =5 =0945=> >1I59 B>G:8 7@5=8O. 8:B>@ 0A:8= ?@845@6820;AO 273;O40, GB> ACI5AB2CNI85 B5>@88 <>6=> @0718BL =0 B@8 :0B53>@88: B5>@88 =5A>2<5AB8<>AB8 (incongruity theories), B5>@88 2@06451=>AB8 (hostility theories) 8 B5>@88 2KA2>1>645=8O, 87102;5=8O (release theories).</font></p> <p><font size="3"><b>"5>@88 =5A>2<5AB8<>AB8</b> ?@54?>;030NB, GB> N<>@ 2>7=8:05B 2A;54AB285 ?>=8<0=8O =5A>2<5AB8<>AB8 <564C >6840=85< A;CH0B5;O 8 B5<, GB> ?@>87>H;>, @57C;LB0B><. -B0 845O 1K;0 2KA:070=0 @8AB>B5;5< 8  >B:@KB0 =5A:>;L:> @07 2?>A;54AB288.  =081>;55 8725AB=K< ?@825@65=F0< MB>9 8458 >B=>AOBAO 0=B, (>?5=30CM@, 5AB;5@, <b> Paulos </b>(B5>@8O <0B5<0B8G5A:>9 :0B0AB@>DK), <b> Hazlitt, Locke</b>, </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"><b>Monro, Nerhardt, Suls, Shultz, McGhee. </b>  ?>A;54=55 2@5<O <b>Hofstander</b> 8 <b>Gabora</b> (1989), 0 B0:65 <b>Coulson </b> (1996, 2001) 2K428=C;8 B5>@88 ?>7=020B5;L=>9 30@<>=88 (cognitive blending theories). 5:>B>@K5 87 @01>B MB8E 02B>@>2 3>B>2OBAO 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O : ?5G0B8 8 <K =5 <>65< =0 =8E AAK;0BLAO. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"><b>"5>@88 2@06451=>AB8</b> 2>AE>4OB : ;0B>=C, G0AB8G=> @8AB>B5;N 8 &8F5@>=C 8 =0H;8 ?>445@6:C 2 B@C40E (>?5=30CM@0, <b>Hobbes</b> 8 <b>Gruner</b> (1978, 1997). -B8 B5>@88 3>2>@OB > B><, GB> A<5H=>5 70:;NG05BAO 2 =0E>645=88 GC2AB20 ?@52>AE>4AB20 =04 G5<-;81>, 8;8 2 ?@5>4>;5=88 ?@5?OBAB28O, 8;8 03@5AA88, =0?045=8O =0 :0:>9-B> >1J5:B. 0: 2K@078;AO <b>Ludovici</b>, <i> A<5OAL, <K >1=0605< :;K:8 .</i></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"><b>"5>@88 2KA2>1>645=8O</b> CG0B, GB> A<5H=>5 O2;O5BAO @57C;LB0B>< @50;870F88 ?A8E8G5A:>9 M=5@388, >A2>1>640O G5;>25:0 >B =5:>B>@>3> >3@0=8G5=8O. 081>;55 8725AB=0O 87 MB8E B5>@89 ?@8=04;568B . $@594C.  ?@825@65=F0< ?>4>1=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O <>6=> >B=5AB8 B0:8E 02B>@>2, :0: <b> !?5=A5@</b> (1860), <b>Penjon</b> (1893), <b>Kline</b> (1907), <b> Gregory</b> (1924), <b>Eastman</b> (1936) 8<b> Monro</b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font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"> @01>B5 . 0A:8=0 A>45@68BAO CB25@645=85 (AB@. 131), GB> 2A5 B@8 3@C??K B5>@89 E>@>H> >?8AK20NBAO A5<0=B8G5A:>9 B5>@859 N<>@0. >65B 1KBL MB> 8 B0:, => =0945= ;8 MB>9 B5>@859 B>B A0<K9 :;NG : ?>=8<0=8N >A=>2=>3> 2>?@>A0: ?>G5<C G5;>25: A<5QBAO? K =5 =0H;8 2 :=835 0A:8=0 >B25B0 =0 MB>B 2>?@>A.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"> @01>B5 «<i> :><8G5A:><», ., 1974</i> <b>.75<84>:</b> >1J548=O5B :>=F5?F88 A<5H=>3> 2 A;54CNI85 3@C??K: </font></p> <ol type="1"> <li><font size="3">"5>@8O =530B82=>3> :0G5AB20. </font></li> <li><font size="3">"5>@8O 453@040F88. </font></li> <li><font size="3">"5>@8O :>=B@0AB0. </font></li> <li><font size="3">"5>@8O ?@>B82>@5G8O. </font></li> <li><font size="3">"5>@8O >B:;>=5=8O >B =>@<K. </font></li> <li><font size="3">"5>@88 A<5H0==>3> B8?0.</font></li> </ol> <p align="justify"><font size="3">>;LH8=AB2> 8<5NI8EAO 8AA;54>20=89 ?>;=K ?>25@E=>AB=>3> B5>@5B878@>20=8O 8 A>45@60B <0;> M<?8@8G5A:8E 40==KE. =8 3@5H0B C7:>=0?@02;5==>ABLN 8 A>25@H5==> 83=>@8@CNB >1ICN :0@B8=C. 5:>B>@K5 8AA;54>20B5;8 >3@0640NB A51O A?5F80;L=K<8 8;8 87>1@5BQ==K<8 8<8 B5@<8=0<8 2 =045645, GB> MB8 B5@<8=K A<>3CB 70<5=8BL 8AB8==>5 ?>=8<0=85 O2;5=8O. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"><5NI85AO M<?8@8G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, >?8AK20NB F5==K5 =01;N45=8O, => =5 A>45@60B >1>1I5=8O, ?>72>;ONI85 8E >1JOA=8BL.</font></p> <p align="center"><font size="3"><b><u>'B5=85 <=>3>G8A;5==KE @01>B 8 48A:CAA88 A> A?5F80;8AB0<8, ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=> 70=8<0NI8<8AO 2>?@>A0<8 N<>@0, ?@825;8 =0A : =5A><=5==><C 70:;NG5=8N > B><, GB> <5E0=87< A<5H=>3> 40;Q: >B ?>=8<0=8O. "5>@8O N<>@0, ?>;=>, ;>38G=> 8 C1548B5;L=> @0A:@K20NI0O 53> ?@8@>4C, ?>:0 =5 A>740=0.</u> </b> </font> <br></p> <p align="right"><font size="3"><i>.<>@ O2;O5BAO 2A5>E20BK20NI59 G5@B>9 G5;>25G5A:>9 687=8 ... => 53> ?@8@>40 CA:>;L70NI0. </i>  <br> (LaFollett &amp; Shanks) </font></p> <p align="right"><font size="3"><i>!>:@>25==0O B09=0 A<5E0 ... ;568B 70 3>@87>=B>< A>2@5<5==>9 =0C:8. </i> <br> (.C:) </font></p> <p align="right"><font size="3"><i>.<>@ - >48= 87 M;5<5=B>2 35=8O. </i>  <br> (QB5) </font></p> <p align="right"><font size="3"><i>'B> <5;:> 2 A5@LQ7=>9 D>@<5, B> <>65B 1KBL 3;C1>:> 2 >AB@>C<=>9.</i> <br> (..8EB5=15@3)</font></p> <p align="center"><font size="4"><b>2. >6=K5 B5>@88 8 25@=K5 4>304:8</b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"># G8B0B5;O =5 4>;6=> 2>7=8:=CBL 2?5G0B;5=8O, GB> 2 >1;0AB8 N<>@0 =5 1K;> 4>AB83=CB> ?>=8<0=8O 53> ?@8@>4K. 0?@>B82, G8B0O 8<5NI85AO 8AA;54>20=8O, =5;L7O =5 C482;OBLAO, :0: 1;87:> ?>4>H;8 =0H8 ?@54H5AB25==8:8 : @07@5H5=8N 25G=>9 70304:8 8 70 :0:8< B>=:8< 10@L5@>< 8AB8=0 A:@K20;0AL >B =8E ?>4G0A. 0: 1C4B> !>740B5;L ?@54;030; 8< ?>4A:07:C, => ?> :0:8<-B> ?@8G8=0< >=0 =5 1K;0 CA;KH0=0 8 ?>=OB0. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">=>3>G8A;5==K5 8AA;54>20B5;8 A45;0;8 B0: <=>3> 8 ?>4>H;8 =0AB>;L:> 2?;>B=CN : @07304:5 ?@8@>4K A<5H=>3>, GB> >AB0QBAO B>;L:> A2O70BL 2KA:070==K5 ?@54H5AB25==8:0<8 25@=K5 ?>;>65=8O 2 548=>5 F5;>5. !@07C 65 ?>A;5 MB>3> =094QBAO <=>65AB2> ;N459, :>B>@K5 2>A:;8:=CB:  B0: MB> 65 >G5284=>! -B> 8 O2;O5BAO F5;LN =0AB>OI53> 8A;54>20=8O.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">5@=0O >F5=:0 A45;0==>3> 2>7<>6=0 B>;L:> 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 C4>2;5B2>@8B5;L=0O B5>@8O C65 8725AB=0. >?@>1C5< 40BL :@0B:>5 >?8A0=85 B5E B5>@89 8 4>304>:, :>B>@K5, A B>G:8 7@5=8O ?@54;0305<>9 B5>@88, O2;ONBAO ;>6=K<8 8;8 25@=K<8. !45;0BL MB> 206=> 8 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 1K;> >G5284=> B> =>2>5, GB> 2=>A8BAO 40==>9 @01>B>9. </font></p> <p align="center"><font size="3"><b>2.1. >6=K5 B5>@88</b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">A;54>20B5;59 2A5E 2@5<Q= >1J548=O5B >4=0 >1I0O G5@B0. =8 8AA;54>20;8 N<>@ 8 53> ?@>O2;5=8O 2 B>G=>AB8 B0: 65, :0: CGQ=K5 8AA;54CNB ?@8@>4=K5 O2;5=8O. "> 5ABL, :0: O2;5=8O, ACI5AB2CNI85 =57028A8<> >B 8AA;54>20B5;O. 8:B> =5 2K@0AB8; N<>@ 2 ?@>18@:5, :0: 3><C=:C;CA0. ?>;=5 >G5284=>, GB> >= ACI5AB2C5B =57028A8<> >B =0H59 2>;8. !:>@55 2A53>, >= 1K; ?@8ACI G5;>25G5AB2C A <><5=B0 53> 2>7=8:=>25=8O, 0 =5 2>7=8: ?>74=55, A @0728B85< F828;870F88. >;55 B>3>, ?> <=5=8N =5:>B>@KE =01;N40B5;59, N<>@ =01;N405BAO 8 C 682>B=KE, ?@8GQ< =5:>B>@K5 G5@BK N<>@0 682>B=KE 8 G5;>25:0 8<5NB =5A><=5==CN AE>65ABL. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">AB5AB25==>, GB> 2 >A=>25 =0CG=>9 :>=F5?F88 A<5H=>3> 4>;6=> 1KBL ?@8=OB>, GB> N<>@ - >48= 87 A0<KE 107>2KE 284>2 G5;>25G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. BAN40 A;54C5B ;>38G=K9 2K2>4 > B><, GB> >= O2;O5BAO >4=8< 87 A0<KE ?@8<8B82=KE 284>2 MB>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">>MB><C CB25@645=85 . C:0 > B><, GB> <i> GC2AB2> N<>@0 - H8@5 ;N1>3> >?@545;5=8O, ?>B><C GB> MB> >G5=L A;>6=>5 4CH52=>5 :0G5AB2> ,</i> <K ?>72>;8< A515 >B=5AB8 : @07@O4C ;>6=KE ?>;>65=89.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">525@=K< ?@54AB02;O5BAO =0< 8 CB25@645=85 C:0 > B><, <i> GB> @5H0NI53> 7=0G5=8O 2 18>;>38G5A:>9 M2>;NF88 8 2 1>@L15 70 ACI5AB2>20=85 MB8 A2>9AB20 </i>(N<>@ 8 >AB@>C<85)<i> =5 8<5NB .</i> C: ?>;0305B, GB>, <i> @07 >1=0@C682 2 A515 B0:85 A2>9AB20, G5;>25:, A =5:>B>@KE ?>@, =0G0; 8E :C;LB828@>20BL, @072820BL.  A>2@5<5==>< >1I5AB25 >AB@>C<85 8 GC2AB2> N<>@0 F5=OBAO 25AL<0 2KA>:> .</i> </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">>4>1=>3> 65 (;>6=>3>, A =0H59 B>G:8 7@5=8O) 273;O40 ?@845@6820;AO 8 5AB;5@, :>B>@K9 AG8B0; A<5E 45OB5;L=>ABLN 157 :0:>9 ;81> ?>;57=>9 F5;8, A>25@H5==> =5 A2O70==>9 A 1>@L1>9 70 2K6820=85, <i>@>A:>H=K< @5D;5:A><</i>, =5 8<5NI8< >?@545;5==>9 18>;>38G5A:>9 F5;8.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">C: A>3;0H05BAO A B5<, GB> N<>@ <>6=> >?@545;8BL <i> :0: 1577;>1=CN =0A<5H:C .</i> K 65, 2A;54 70 <b>"><0A>< %>11A><</b> ?>;0305<, GB> N<>@ <u> 2A5340</u> =0?@02;5= =0 4>AB865=85 ?@52>AE>4AB20 =04 >:@C60NI8<8. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">>;>65=85<b> 0:A0 AB<5=0 </b>> ACI5AB2>20=88 =528==KE, 15AA<KA;5==KE HCB>: 8 > B><, GB> N<>@, ?><8<> A5:AC0;L=>9 8 03@5AA82=KE ?@8G8=, <>65B O2;OBLAO ?@>ABK< 65;0=85< G5;>25:0 C9B8 >B =5?@8OB=>9 5<C @50;L=>AB8, <K B0:65 ?>72>;8< A515 >B=5AB8 : @07@O4C</font><a href="http://www.philosophy.ru/iphras/library/wlaugh.html/o#_ftn12%23_ftn12" target="_blank"><font color="#2F4F4F" size="3"> ;>6=KE B5>@89</font></a><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">"5>@8O <b> . $@5940 </b>3;C1>:0 8 87OI=0. > >=0 =5 =0H;0 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>3> ?>4B25@645=8O 8 @>;L 5Q 2 ?>=8<0=88 N<>@0 25AL<0 BC<0==0. %>BO <=>385 =0E>4:8 $@5940 25AL<0 F5==K 8 1K;8 @0728BK ?>A;54>20B5;O<8, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 2 40==>9 @01>B5. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3"> ;>6=K< B5>@8O< <K >B=5AQ< 8 273;O4K <b>.'>9A8</b>, :>B>@K9 AG8B0; A<5E 70I8B=>9 @50:F859 ?@>B82 AB@0E0 70?@5B0.</font></p> <p><font size="3"># A<5E0 8 N<>@0, :0: ?>;0305B 1>;LH8=AB2> 8AA;54>20B5;59, A>25@H5==> 4@C30O DC=:F8O 2 @0728B88 G5;>25G5AB20 :0: 2840. </font></p> <p align="center"><font size="3"><b>2.2. >304:8</b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">@8254Q< B5 B5>@88 8 273;O4K, :>B>@K5, 1C4CG8 A:><18=8@>20=K ;>38G=K< >1@07><, ?@8254CB =0A : @07JOA=5=8N 25:>25G=>9 70304:8. K ?>72>;8;8 A515 >B=5AB8 : @07@O4C 25@=KE =5 B5 4>304:8, :>B>@K5 ?>445@6820NB =0HC B5>@8N, => <u> B>;L:> B5, :>B>@K5 =0H;8 H8@>:>5 ?@87=0=85 8, 1>;55 B>3>, ?>4B25@640NBAO M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K<8 40==K<8.</u></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">;O C4>1AB20 @07>1JQ< 8725AB=K5 =0< ?@54AB02;5=8O =0 3@C??K.</font></p> <p align="center"><font size="3"><b>2.2.1. @>64Q==>ABL N<>@0 :0: ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> O2;5=8O</b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">      !<5E ?@8ACI =5 B>;L:> 27@>A;K< >A>1O< @>40 G5;>25G5A:>3>, => 8 45BO<.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">IQ <b>;8=89</b> >B<5B8;, GB> C;K1:0 ?>O2;O5BAO C <;045=F52 2 ?5@2K5 =545;8 687=8. !<5E C <;045=F0 <>3CB 2K720BL O@:> >:@0H5==K5 ?@54<5BK, ?8I0, 72C:8 <C7K:8, ;8F> <0B5@8, ?>41@0AK20=85 2 2>74CE5 :5<-;81> 87 @>48B5;59 8 1;87:8E, =>20O, => =5 ?C30NI0O A8BC0F8O, I5:>B:0, >AB>@>6=>5 ?>3;06820=85.  :>=FC B@5BL53> <5AOF0 C <;045=F52 ?>O2;O5BAO C;K1:0 =5 B>;L:> =0 157CA;>2=K5 @074@068B5;8, => 8 =0 A83=0;878@CNI85 8E CA;>2=K5. 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MB8< >?@545;5=85< 1>;LH8=AB2> G8B0B5;59 A>3;0A8BAO 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 =5 1C45B 7040= A;54CNI89 2>?@>A: <>6=> ;8 =0720BL A<5H=K<8 B5 A8BC0F88, :>340 G5;>25: A<5QBAO =04 =5AG0ABLO<8 4@C38E? ! 25;8G09H8< ?@8A:>@185< =0< ?@84QBAO ?@87=0BL, GB> B0:85 A8BC0F88 ACI5AB2CNB. -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K5 40==K5 (<b>Robert R. Provine. </b><i>Laughter. A scientific investigation,</i> AB@. 20) >1=0@C68;8, <i>  GB> <K A<5Q<AO >E>B=55, :>340 GB>-B> A;CG05BAO A =5?@8OB=K<8 ;N4L<8, G5< ?@8OB=K<8 </i>. > <=5=8N 02B>@0 MB> O2;O5BAO >4=8< 87 A2845B5;LAB2 (=5 <=5=89, => A2845B5;LAB2) <u> 03@5AA82=KE 8AB>:>2 N<>@0</u>.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">2B>@K <=>3>G8A;5==KE 8AA;54>20=89, ?8A0B5;8 8 8AB>@8:8 A>>1I0NB =0< > B><, GB> <i> 2 ?@56=55 2@5<O E@><K5, 8=20;84K, C<0;8HQ==K5 8 ?@842>@=K5 1K;8 C=8605<K 8 4065 C18205<K 2 A>?@>2>645=88 874520B5;LAB2 8 A<5E0 .</i></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="3">C1;8G=K5 :07=8 ?@5ABC?=8:>2 =0?><8=0;8 A53>4=OH=85 ?@074=8G=K5 3C;O=8O. 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